The Theme Of Father/son Relationships In Beowulf & The Song Of Roland :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

The Theme of Father/Son Relationships in Beowulf & The Song of Roland      The portrayal of father-child type connections in early Medieval scholarly works is a key topic early creators used to give their works more profundity furthermore, which means. Two works that utilization the topic of father-child connections are Beowulf and The Song of Roland. In Beowulf, the connection between Hrothgar furthermore, Beowulf is one in which there is no genuine blood father-child tie, however the two characters take on all the attributes of a genuine dad child relationship. Hrothgar, in spite of the fact that Beowulf's senior, needs to depend on this new warrior who comes to Heorot to assist him with freeing his realm of an incredible threat which he can not get free of without anyone else, and Hrothgar regards him as though he were his own child. In The Tune of Roland, Charles' relationship with his nephew Roland likewise takes on the qualities of a dad child type relationship. In this work, in spite of the fact that Charles is the preferred warrior over Roland, he depends on Roland to watch the back watchman of his military and Roland loses his life while serving his King. The essentialness of these between generational connections will be taken a gander at in this paper, just as what the creators through the pretense of these dad child connections were attempting to state about different various parts of life during their time.      In Beowulf, the capacity of the connection among Hrothgar and Beowulf assists with facilitating the plot in a few different ways. At whatever point there is a dependence on family in any abstract work, it gives any story all the more importance and hugeness. At the point when Beowulf initially shows up in Hrothgars' lobby, we get a feeling of the old and inadequate state Hrothgar is in "old and silver haired among the gatekeeper of earls" (Beowulf, pg. 62) is the way he is first depicted. When hearing who Beowulf's father is he states in a cheerful tone "I knew him when he was a child!..Well does the child presently pay this approach a demonstrated ally!" (Beowulf, pg. 62-63) Immediately there is an affectionate relationship here which will grow much further. When Beowulf guarantees that he is in Heorot to purify the individuals of the beast named Grendel who is tormenting them, Hrothgar is appreciative and he states "So it is to battle with all due respect, my companion Beowulf, and as a thoughtful gesture that you have come to us here!" (Beowulf, pg. 65) We see here that Hrothgar is without a doubt thankful to have the administrations of so bold a warrior. At the point when Beowulf kills Grendel, the pride that the old Hrothgar feels towards Beowulf can nearly be likened to

The Hunters Moonsong Chapter Seventeen Free Essays

â€Å"That was stunning! Seriously,† Bonnie said joyfully, skipping alongside her turn in Zander’s. â€Å"I am, similar to, the Queen of Quarters. Who realized I had this covered up talent?† Laughing, Zander tossed his arm around her shoulders and pul ed her closer. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Seventeen or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now â€Å"You are pretty awesome,† he concurred. â€Å"Drinking games, dreams, crystal gazing. Some other skil s I should know about?† Cuddling against him, Bonnie scowled in mock focus. â€Å"Not that I can consider. Simply know about my general wonderfulness.† His T-shirt was delicate and worn, and Bonnie tilted her head a piece to lean her cheek against it. â€Å"I’m happy we got our companions together,† she said. â€Å"I thought Marcus and Meredith genuine y hit it off, didn’t you? Not romantical y, at al , which is acceptable since Meredith has a super-genuine beau, however it resembled they had a similar mystery athlete language. Possibly we would al be able to hang out in a gathering again sometime.† â€Å"Yeah, Meredith and Marcus genuine y fortified over their workouts,† Zander concurred, however there was a wavering in his voice that made Bonnie quit strolling and peer up at him strongly. â€Å"Didn’t you like my friends?† she asked, hurt. She and Meredith and Elena had consistently had what they secretly cal ed a â€Å"velociraptor sisterhood.† Cross one of them and the other two would shut in to ensure her. Zander needed to like them. â€Å"No, I preferred them a lot,† Zander guaranteed her. He faltered, at that point included, â€Å"Elena appeared to be somewhat †¦ awkward, however. Perhaps we’re not the sort of individuals she likes?† Bonnie hardened. â€Å"Are you cal ing my closest companion a snob?† she inquired. Zander stroked her back appeasingly. â€Å"Sort of, I presume. That is to say, decent, yet only sort of a stiff neck. The most pleasant sort of upstart. I simply need her to like me.† â€Å"She’s not a snob,† Bonnie said angrily. â€Å"And regardless of whether she was, she’s persuaded a great deal to be a showoff about. She’s excellent and savvy and perhaps the closest companion I’ve ever had. I’d do anything for her. What's more, she’d do anything for me, as well. So it doesn’t matter if she’s a snob,† she finished up, scowling at him. â€Å"Come here,† Zander said. They were close to the music building, and he pul ed her into the lit anteroom by the front entryway. â€Å"Sit with me?† he asked, choosing the block steps and pulling her hand. Bonnie plunked down, however she was resolved not to cuddle up to him once more. Rather, she kept a separation among them and gazed adamantly out at the night, her jaw immovably set. â€Å"Listen, Bonnie,† Zander stated, pushing a long strawberry blonde twist out of her eyes. â€Å"I’l become more acquainted with Elena better, and I’m sure I’l like her. I’l get her to like me, as well. You know why I’m going to become acquainted with her better?† â€Å"No, why?† said Bonnie, hesitantly taking a gander at him. â€Å"Because I need to realize you better. I’m anticipating investing a great deal of energy with you, Bonnie McCul ough.† He bumped her delicately with his shoulder, and Bonnie dissolved. Zander’s eyes were so blue, blue like morning on the absolute first day of summer get-away. There was intel igence and chuckling with only a pinch of a wild yearning in them. He inclined in nearer, and Bonnie was certain he was going to kiss her, their first kiss finally. She tilted her head back to meet his lips, her eyelashes vacillating shut. After a snapshot of hanging tight for a kiss that didn’t come, she sat up again and opened her eyes. Zander was gazing past her, out into the obscurity of the grounds, glaring. Bonnie made a sound as if to speak. â€Å"Oh,† he stated, â€Å"sorry, Bonnie, I got occupied for a minute.† â€Å"Distracted?† Bonnie reverberated irately. â€Å"What do you mean you †â€Å" â€Å"Hang on a sec.† Zander put a finger to her lips, shushing her. â€Å"Do you hear something?† Bonnie asked, uncomfortable shivers crawling up her back. Zander got to his feet. â€Å"Sorry, I just remembered something I need to do. I’l look up with you up some other time, okay?† With a pitiful wave, not in any event, taking a gander at Bonnie, he loped off into the dimness. Bonnie’s mouth dropped open. â€Å"Wait!† she stated, scrambling to her feet. â€Å"Are you simply going to leave me here† †Zander was gone †â€Å"alone?† she completed in a small voice. Fantastic. Bonnie exited to the center of the way, glanced around, and held up a moment to check whether there was any indication of Zander returning. Be that as it may, there was nobody in sight. She couldn’t even hear his strides any longer. There were pools of light underneath the road lights on the way, however they didn’t arrive at extremely far. A breeze stirred the leaves of the trees on the quad, and Bonnie shuddered. No sense in remaining here, Bonnie idea, and she began strolling. For the initial hardly any means down the way toward her residence, Bonnie was genuine y furious, hot and embarrassed. How could Zander have been such a drop? How might he disregard her al in the night, particular y after al the assaults and vanishings nearby? She kicked violently at a stone in her way. A couple of steps further on, Bonnie quit being so furious. She was excessively terrified; the dread was pushing the annoyance out of her. She ought to have made a beeline for the residence when Meredith and Elena did, yet she’d guaranteed them, merrily, that Zander would walk her back. How might he have recently left her? She folded her arms over herself firmly and went as quick as possible without genuine y running, her dumb high-obeyed going-out-moving shoes squeezing and making the bal s of her feet hurt. It was genuine y late; the greater part of the others who lived nearby should be tucked into their beds at this point. The quiet was disrupting. At the point when the strides started behind her, it was surprisingly more terrible. She wasn’t sure she was genuine y hearing them from the start. Slow y, she got mindful of a black out, snappy cushioning out there, somebody moving daintily and quick. She delayed and tuned in, and the strides became stronger and quicker stil . Somebody was running toward her. Bonnie accelerated, faltering over her feet in her scurry. Her shoes slipped on a free stone in the way and she fel , getting herself on all fours knee. The effect stung forcefully enough to carry tears to her eyes, however she commenced her shoes, not caring that she was deserting them. She mixed up and ran quicker. The strides of her follower were stronger presently, beginning to make up for lost time. Their cadence was odd: boisterous occasional footfal s with speedier, lighter beats in the middle. Bonnie acknowledged with awfulness that there was more than one individual pursuing her. Her foot slid once more, and she scarcely got her parity, amazing sideways a couple of steps to keep from fal ing, losing more ground. An overwhelming hand fel on Bonnie’s shoulder, and she shouted and whipped around, her clench hands brought up in a urgent offer to guard herself. â€Å"Bonnie!† Meredith panted, gripping Bonnie’s shoulders. â€Å"What are you doing around here by yourself?† Samantha came up next to them, conveying Bonnie’s shoes, and multiplied over, gasping for breath. â€Å"You are unreasonably quick for me, Meredith,† she said. Bonnie swal owed a cry of alleviation. Since she was protected, she wanted to plunk down and having hysterics. â€Å"You frightened me,† she said. Meredith looked incensed. â€Å"Remember how we vowed to stick together?† Meredith’s dim eyes were blustery. â€Å"You should remain with Zander until you returned home safely.† Bonnie, going to react heatedly that it hadn’t been her decision to be around here alone, out of nowhere shut her mouth and gestured. On the off chance that Meredith realized that Zander had forgotten about Bonnie here without anyone else, she could never, never excuse him. Also, Bonnie was distraught at Zander for leaving her, however she wasn’t very that frantic, not distraught enough to turn Meredith against him. Perhaps he had a clarification. What's more, she stil needed that kiss. â€Å"I’m sorry,† Bonnie said wretchedly, gazing down at her feet. â€Å"You’re right, I ought to have known better.† Mol ified, Meredith swung an arm over Bonnie’s shoulders. Samantha quietly gave Bonnie her shoes, and Bonnie pul ed them back on. â€Å"Let’s walk Samantha back to her quarters, and afterward we’l return home together,† she said forgivingly. â€Å"You’l approve of us.† Around the corner from her room, Elena hang and inclined toward the hal path wal for a second. It had been a long, difficult night. There had been beverages, and hitting the dance floor with the enormous shaggy-haired Spencer who, as Samantha had cautioned her, tried to pick Elena up and swing her around. Things got boisterous and irritating, and the entire time, her heart hurt. She wasn’t sure she needed to explore the world without Stefan. It’s only for the present, she let herself know, fixing up and trudging around the bend. â€Å"Hel o, princess,† said Damon. Elena solidified in stun. Relaxing on the floor before her entryway, Damon some way or another figured out how to look smooth and entirely ready in what might have been a cumbersome situation for any other person. As she recuperated from the stun of his being there at al , Elena was shocked by the eruption of happiness that rose up in her chest at seeing him. Attempting to disregard that upbeat little bounce inside her, she said straight, â€Å"I revealed to you I didn’t need to see you for some time, Damon.† Damon shrugged and rose elegant y to his feet. â€Å"Darling, I’m not here to argue for your hand.† His eyes waited on her mouth for a second, however then he w

Understanding Health Informatics Research †Free Samples for Student

Question: Talk about the Understanding Health Informatics Research. Answer: Presentation In inquire about, there is a general connection between the specialists and the included members. This lays a reason for conduction of research. The connection between included gatherings in research may comprehensively fall under different classes including social, monetary, political and moral elements, which sway on inquire about in an unexpected way (Australian Government, 2014).However, now and again albeit logical research is seen as goal, these components may prompt a trade off in the exploration procedure at different stages with fluctuating sizes relying upon the idea of the scientists and the participants(Australian Government, 2014). In such manner, there are different manners by which the social, financial, political and moral issues can affect on a specific research and assessment process. Accordingly, these variables lead to deviations in gaining precise research results. Moreover, these variables may likewise meddle with the assessment procedure of specific research di scoveries prompting further errors in look into discoveries (Australian Government, 2014). Social, monetary, political and moral issues sway on inquire about by bargaining some key human qualities that are basic for a fruitful research and assessment process (Baum, MacDougall, Daniellesmith, 2006). At the point when these human qualities neglect to be practiced completely during the exploration time frame, inquire about is adversely influenced since the human qualities are the central point on which human research is based. Thusly, decreased trust, common duty and moral uniformity decrease because of obliviousness of individuals regard, examine benefits and uprightness, usefulness and equity are experienced (Australian Government, 2014). Human qualities give adaptable and clear standards for the plan, survey and conduction of research. At the point when these qualities get eradicated by the social, financial, political and moral issues during research, there is decreased commitment to cultural objectives, absence of regard for social decent variety where some culture appear to rule over others and general concealment of the attachment esteems inside a specific set up(Australian Government, 2014). Social Issues Regard is among the most basic qualities important for an effective research and assessment process (NAP, 2017). It is the establishment for perceiving that every individual has worth and therefore it makes a set of principles in collaboration with all individuals engaged with inquire about, regardless of whether a scientist or a participant(NAP, 2017). Regard perceives human independence; the embodiment and ability to decide self life and settle on regarded own choices. It additionally ensures those people with next to zero self-rule and winds up engaging them. At the point when regard is undermined, inquire about is also influenced. For example, a few variables like economic wellbeing quo impacts contrarily on regard (NAP, 2017). Socially prevalent people in the network smother the perspectives and thoughts of the socially mediocre as they encroach their regard. This prompts a one-sided look into as it is just the perspectives on the socially unrivaled sent and considered fo inquir e about discoveries examination, understanding and assessment (Baum, MacDougall, Daniellesmith, 2006). Scientists may likewise want to consider the perspectives and thoughts of the socially high members as they respect them more educated than the less in the network. Subsequently, inquire about respectability is contrarily affected (NAP, 2017). This is obvious in the assessment technique where the perspectives on the socially better in the examination board appear than smother the perspectives on the socially mediocre. For example, in an associations set up the ranking staff may consider their perspectives more educated than the thoughts of the lesser staff in this way bargaining the exploration procedure (Baum, MacDougall, Daniellesmith, 2006). Policy centered Issues Strategically, research might be influenced by absence of maintaining equity to either the scientists or the exploration members. This doesn't allude abstract to legal equity, but instead it implies the demonstration of maintaining the prosperity of others when settling on some specific choices in inquire about (Gabr, n.d). This is generally clear where the politically ground-breaking in a specific set up appear to disregard the prosperity of different subjects or where a specific choice made during exploration or assessment is negative to a few (Gabr, n.d). Human equity may, therefore, be lost with some expecting significance over others. Subsequently, the impact might be reflected during research, meddling with research and coming about to look into predisposition (Gabr, n.d). Also, analysts might be one-sided to favor one side with the politically incredible in the general public particularly the legislature or high ranking representatives, along these lines, superseding the persp ectives and the thoughts of the less amazing ones out of a state (Gabr, n.d). Policy centered issues may likewise decide the sort of research to be directed where a few themes and approachs may get more help and financing than others (Gabr, n.d). At last, there may need articulation of reasonable conveyance of equity as far as the advantages and weights of research. The ground-breaking appear to appreciate full advantages while the substandard worry about the concern of research. This may likewise be communicated as far as out of line procedural enrollment of members and research survey. Enrollment specialists may consider politically ground-breaking to the detriment of the less ground-breaking and this prompts one-sided inquire about as the exploration members might be commanded by a specific gathering with comparative interests and thoughts (Gabr, n.d).Examples include: legislative issues influencing what scientists study, how they lead it (e.g members security), how the analyst d iscoveries are spread to their clients and how they are at long last utilized. Financial Issues Financially, research might be undermined in different ways. Research might be affected by the money related increase by both the members and the scientists. For example, in the creating nations members will in general be increasingly genuine with their support when there is an immediate advantage related with their participation(Team, 2017). Moreover, the specialist from poor foundations will lead investigate sufficiently if there is installment. Then again, with the created nations where both the members and research handle the techniques with some demonstrable skill, the esearch isn't essentially affected(Poland, Jacobson, Tilburt, nichol, 2009). Nonetheless, members and the scientists might not have humble time to focus on research and in this way bargaining the nature of the endeavor even in financially stable set ups now and again (Marshall, 2007).As a model, inquire about subsidizing bodies may organize certain exploration dependent on the measure of cash required, or contempl ations by funders on whether to help a specific research dependent on its expense. Moral Issues Moral issues may affect on research and assessment in various manners. Both the members and the scientists perceive some basic moral standards required in fruitful research. Anyway the understanding, application and adjusting of these moral standards among various individuals shifts (Resnik, 2015). In these sense, some regularly maintained standards may prompt a predisposition in look into discoveries dependent on the translation of a specific moral issue in a particular network. In such manner, the examination discoveries might be one-sided dependent on a communitys morals (Engagement, 2017). For instance, various social orders may concur that murder is inadmissible yet some may bargain with premature birth (Resnik, 2015).Privacy and classification might be undermined now and again, influencing the nature of an examination structure. Likewise, the issue of protection and security framework at working environment distinguished in the past task needs basic examination so as to give a knowledge in the genuine comprehension of its administrative effects. The conceptualization pundits about these frameworks will shift contingent upon the laborers singular ethnic stands. Effect on Workplace Problem Solving The issues recognized at the working environment in the past task are security and protection, joining of frameworks into the working environment and convenience. Basic research can give bits of knowledge into the calculated understandings of administrative effects of security and protection. Morally, laborers may hold various understandings and of shifting degrees of reality concerning issue which may prevent concession in issue arrangement in the work environment (Hutton, Eccles, Grimshaw, 2008). Strategically and socially, the issue of mix of frameworks into work environment roll in from the models in the past assignments. The adjustments in work process, propensity and jobs of the individuals in the work setting can be affected a great deal by every part political and social stand. In this manner, social, monetary, political and moral issues might be an impediment to thinking of solid answers for issues emerging at specific work stations (Hutton, Eccles, Grimshaw, 2008). Effect of Critical Research in Health Informatics Basic research is precise research to investigate the current data while simultaneously attempting to decode what may be missing and therefore doing important correction on specific issues (Hutton, Eccles, Grimshaw, 2008). At the point when applied in wellbeing informatics, basic research advances the precise take-up and grasping of clinical practice and techniques thusly decreasing the event of improper consideration to patients (Hutton, Eccles, Grimshaw, 2008). Basic research discoveries impact the conduct of social insurance specialists and experts with more accentuation on how medicines can be managed successfully to fill in the holes demonstrated during research (Diemert, 2013). Basic research has likewise prompted presentation of innovation into the wellbeing informatics where there is expanded productivity in procuring, putting away, recovering, understanding and applicat

Limitations to the law of negligence - Free Essay Example

Discuss the effectiveness of the limitations that the law of negligence has imposed concerning the internalization of the costs of accidents The internalizing of the external costs associated with the consequences of negligent acts is a difficult proposition for academics, the courts, and government authorities. From the primary perspective of motor vehicle accidents, this paper examines the uneven internalisation of external accident costs obtained through the use of various negligence law tools in contrast with broader economic principles. All references are to the English tort system unless noted. The cost adjectives ‘internal’ and ‘external’ are imported into negligence law from the science of economics. The external costs of motor vehicle negligence are ones that affect society and which are not borne directly by the negligent party (Lindberg, 2004; p.1). The importance of these societal costs is underscored by the fact that over 20 mi llion persons are injured or killed annually in motor vehicle accidents world wide, triggering cost consequences that reach as much as 2 percent of the Gross Domestic Product in some nations (Lindberg, 2001; p.400). A motor vehicle accident may precipitate environmental impacts, short term traffic congestion that affects the convenience of a potentially large number of other road users, a loss of productivity and labour, all of which occur in addition to property damage and personal injuries. The internal costs are the private costs that are the direct responsibility of the individual parties to the collision (Mattiacci, 2003; p.2). These are economic consequences that are personal to the vehicle users, whereas external costs have no impact upon a decision by the motor vehicle user to act in a particular fashion. To the economist, the external costs created by an act of negligence are a form of market failure, because there is a presumption of inefficiency in result. In economic terms, the desire to internalize these external accident costs is motivated by a need to correct a market imperfection and thus achieve a fair ‘price’ or outcome as a result of a negligent act.(Mattiacci, p.3) Motor vehicle operation in this context includes vehicle cost, fuel, maintenance, various forms of taxes, insurance premiums and the cost of time associated with vehicle operation. Both internal and external costs may also be understood by contrast with the various types of damages that may be awarded to a successful litigant in a conventional negligence action. This contrast is created by the intersection between economic theory and common law negligence principles, and it first achieved academic prominence through the work of Vickrey (1968), an economist, and the dissertations of legal commentators Calabresi (1970) and Stoljar (1973). These analyses may be regarded as seminal statements concerning the desired interplay between economics and the law of negl igence. Each work identified the fundamental weakness of the tort system regarding the treatment of the external costs of a motor vehicle accident from two perspectives – the award of payments on a fault basis only, and the extent of compensation available. It was apparent that the tort system offered no incentive to drive safely and reduce the external cost of accidents. (Vickrey, p.4) These three separate reviews are an effective platform from which to review the progression in the modern analyses of the internal / external costs continuum. Traditional tort law principles when viewed through the lens of modern economic analysis now can be said to contain three broad objects –to internalize costs as an incentive for all motor vehicle users to take reasonable precautions and thus reduce over all motor vehicle accident costs; proper allocation of risk; the reduction of the administrative costs of tort claims (a subject that is beyond the scope of this paper) Ec onomists characterize the tort system as applied in motor vehicle accident actions as inefficient due to the quest in each case to determine the existence of fault, or other moral blameworthiness. This legal pursuit ultimately creates a ‘reward’ for the wronged party; (Nitkin and Landeo, 2004; p.2) the economist seeking to internalize costs would endeavour to minimize the total amount of money spent on (a) the costs associated with the accident in question and (b) the costs required to avoid the accident. When the principles of negligence law and the economic principles of external cost are brought together in this fashion, the broader, long term public implications of careless motor vehicle operation are brought into a clearer focus. Internalization of external costs is a significant extension of the law from available private remedy to broader social tool. In negligence cases, the essential legal question is when and to what extent a loss occasioned by the negligen ce of another should be shifted from the putative victim to another person or class (Donoghue, 1932). Legal determinations rest primarily upon the finding of a fault, as opposed to cost allocation, or other cost – benefit analysis (Gilles, 2003; p.491). A secondary consideration is the notion of quantum; the ancient maxim that the law does not concern itself with trifles is a practical barrier to otherwise well founded claims. By example, thousands of motorists who are inconvenienced by a road accident attributable to an act of negligence are an example of a significant external cost of the accident to the economist; the compensation otherwise payable to these individuals cannot be efficiently determined through the tort system, and it is therefore excluded. In the traditional tort law approaches employed in a variety of Anglo-American jurisdictions, the external economic consequences of negligent vehicle operation is not a significant factor in the primary determination o f fault. As an example, if a motor vehicle owner’s insurance rating and resultant insurance premiums were to increase as a result of an ‘at fault’ accident (or even where there was no apportionment of fault), such considerations have meaning only to the economist and not the jurist. The courts, in applying the distinct but related doctrines of reasonable forseeability (Murphy, 1991), avoidability and contributory negligence, in the assessment of the impugned driver action, will make an award to the successful party without consideration of the broader societal or external costs of the conduct. The English Court of Appeal decision in Stovin (1994; pp.467 470) is an excellent encapsulation of the analysis of the consequences of a breach of duty, where the compensation awarded to remedy the breach is re-affirmed in traditional tort terms. The reasonable person / forseeability doctrines today remain limited tools with which to achieve any significant internalisat ion of motor vehicle accident costs.(Stovin, 1994; p.467 -470) By contrast, the economist endeavors to assess the consequence of road negligence in terms of the overall quantifiable damage, without reference to any determination of individual culpability or absence of acceptable behavior. The economist assumes that there exists a relationship between driver actions and economic consequence – to create the most efficient allocation of resources, the party must be forced through economic levers to make the most efficient choices (Stoljar, 1980). Monetary incentives and disincentives are therefore the preferred economic motivator to act safely and prudently, to achieve the motor vehicle user equivalent of efficiency for the economist.(Lindberg, 2001; p. 405) There are a range of external costs that constitute the entire economic consequences of a motor vehicle collision that are either imperfectly captured or incapable of inclusion in the calculation of a damage award from a motor vehicle accident claim. Examples of such costs include the ‘rental cost’ of highways, including consequent congestion, delay, and inconvenience to other users of the affected roadway; insurance coverages that are inadequate for the harm caused; accident costs borne by the National Health Service or other private health care providers (Health Act, 2006). Many commentators , including Stoljar (1973, pp. 233-240) and Mattiacci (2003; p.3), have stressed the ineffectiveness of legal reforms in negligence law as a means of influencing behaviors and thus converting external societal impacts into internal costs. Financial incentives and economic benefits will more readily stimulate a motor vehicle user to select alternate courses of action that are safer and tend to reduce external costs. Specific examples of limitations and approaches Technological advances in driver safety, known generally as Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are vehicle management progra ms that combine Global Positioning System technology, integrated on board digital maps, and vehicle monitoring to make road usage more efficient and contribute to the reduction of motor vehicle accidents.(Lindberg, 2004; p.3) Tort systems in a number of jurisdictions have been altered to permit the introduction of shared liability (no fault) systems. There is little evidence to suggest that accident rates and related external costs decline in these jurisdictions. Statutory changes such as the allocation of hospital care costs among constituents of the health care system are not internalisation of such costs. (Compensation Act, 2006) Government imposed fuel surcharges and road tolls (both distance related charges and congestion tolls) create a disincentive to drive, either generally or at certain peak periods. As a result, the motor vehicle accident rate tends to decline where such measures are implemented. (Lindberg, 2004; p.2) The related outcomes of road congestion, environm ental impacts due to motor vehicle accidents, and vehicle wear were also correspondingly reduced. All of these consequences are examples of quantifiable internalisation of otherwise external costs. The most important externality that is considered in conventional motor vehicle negligence cases is vehicle speed. It is a well established principle of automobile driver behavior that higher speeds generally lead to higher risks of motor vehicle accidents. The higher risk in turn leads to a risk of greater adverse consequences for the parties involved in such collisions. (Lindberg, 2004; p.3) Anti-speeding devices or other vehicle modifications have been tested in relation to whether their use modifies driver behaviour and influences a resultant internalized accidents cost. Where the user is given a financial incentive to use the equipment (generally by insurance premium reduction), accident rates and consequent external costs are eliminated. Conversely, the imposition of speed lim its and road traffic enforcement create monetary disincentives to speed, by way of fines and resultant insurance premium increases. (Lindberg, 2004) The final factor to be considered in the internalisation of accident costs may be human nature itself; people tend to find behaviour the most acceptable when it contributes most to their self-esteem. (Levitt, 2005; p. 90) Bibliography Birks, Peter (1999) ‘Equity, Conscience, and Unjust Enrichment’ Melbourne University Law Review, 1-18 Calabresi, Guido (1970) ‘The Cost of Accidents: A Legal and Economic Analysis’ (New Haven, CT: Yale University) Gilles, Stephen G., (2003) â€Å"The Emergence of Cost / Benefit Balancing in English Negligence Law’ Chicago-Kent Law Review 77, 489-522 Goerke, Lazlo (2001) ‘Accident Law: An Excessive Standard may be Efficient† https://www.cesifo-gr.IDL/cesifo_wp625.pdf (Date accessed 7/10/06) Gosnell, Chris (2000) ‘English Courts: The Re storation of a Common Law of Pure Economic Loss’ University of Toronto Law Journal, 2, 1- 8 Keating, Gregory C. (2006) â€Å"Strict liability and the Mitigation of Moral Luck’ University of Southern California Law School / Legal Studies Paper No. 06-17 Levitt, Steven D. and Stephen J. Dubner Freakonomics (New York: Harper Collins) Lindberg, G. (2001), Traffic Insurance and Accident Externality Charges, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol. 35, Part 3, pp 399-416. Lindberg, Gunnar et al (2004) ITS Revolution and Voluntary Reduction of Speeding https://users.du.se/~jen/Seminarieuppsatser/Safety_JEN_20oct.pdf#search=internalisation of accident costs (Date accessed 8/10/06) Mattiaca, Giuseppe D. (2003) ‘Towards a Positive Economic Theory of Negative Liability’https://jiju.gmu.edu.departments/law/facultypapers/docs/03-29.pdf (Date accessed 7/10/06) Nikitin, Maxim and Claudia Landeo Split-Award Tort Reform, Firm’s Level of Care, and Litigation Outcomes https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/ecmlatm04/4.htm (Date accessed 8/10/06) Priest, George L. (1991) ‘The Modern Expansion of Tort Liability: Its Sources, its Effects, and its Reform’ Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5, 3 31-50 Shavell, S. (1987) Economic Analysis of Accident Law. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press) Stoljar, S.J. (1973) ‘Accidents, costs and legal responsibility’, Modern Law Review, 36, 233-240 Stoljar, S. J. (1980) ‘Moral and Legal Reasoning’ (Totowa, NJ: Barnes and Noble) Vickery, William (1968) ‘Automobile Accidents, Tort Law, Externalities and Insurance: An Economists Critique’, Law and Contemporary Problems, 33, 468-87 Table of Statutes (United Kingdom) Compensation Act, 2006 Health Act, 2006 Road Traffic Act, 1988 Table of Cases Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932] A.C. 562 (H.L.) Murphy v. Brentwood District Council [1991] 1 A.C. 398 (H.L.) Stovin v. Wise et al [1994] 3 All ER 467

Modernization And Neoliberalism Economic Status And Growth

There are many faces to development- both in how it is defined and in what constitutes it. In ‘Liberating the World from Development’, Sachs writes â€Å"The desire for equity is largely fixed on development-as-growth† (22). This is to say that development as a concept is conventionally hinged upon economic status and growth. This core assumption is present in the primary models of development, modernization and neoliberalism, both of which in turn offer their own implications and consequences. It is these consequences that inspire Sachs, and many others, to seek out a more comprehensive definition and approach to development. As was previously stated, the two most prevalent theoretical models of development are modernization and neoliberalism. These ideologies are both centered on the principle of development-as-growth with growth, in this sense, equating to economic advancement. To be more specific, these two philosophies are heavily reliant on a westernized sta ndard of market and economy, with capitalism existing at the heart of their philosophies. The result of this is a weighty emphasis on participation and competition in a global economy and a Euro-Atlantic model of ‘development’. Modernization in particular approaches this focus on competition in a global economy through the promotion of trade specialization. The intent of this is to allow countries to gain an edge in the market by concentrating their efforts on one primary export, such that they may become largerShow MoreRelatedWestern Dominance And Its Effects On The Global Economy Essay1590 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough today these colonial empires have diminished somewhat or entirely, the neoliberal policies and institutions that were put in place in the nineteen seventies continue to perpetuate the same power and economic inequalities that had been felt by colonies, on the current global economy. Neoliberalism reinforces the unequal power relationships through mecha nisms that are designed generally to benefit the developed countries of the global north, while exploiting the cheap resources contained in the globalRead MoreFour approaches to the political economy development of Latin America1734 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluence of international organizations and the economic and class history, and its relation with one of the principal characteristics of Latin American countries: the disparity between the wealthy and the poor. Throughout this work, I intend to summarize and review four of the most representative theories that have helped shape the study of the economic development of Latin America: Hegemonic Stability, Dependency, Class Analysis and Neoliberalism. The need for a more accurate theoretical frameworkRead MoreSummary Of James Ferguson s The World1776 Words   |  8 Pagesits people. Through eight essays, he explores paradoxes of African states and governments; the continent s place in the new world order, modernity and development; and the â€Å"modernization† of mineral and oil extraction models. This set of disjointed essays examine the realities that continue to determine development and growth on the African continent. This series of essays lack coherence except in how they all highlight the need for a wider and multidisciplinary understanding of Africa’s place inRead MoreThe High Price Of Food2229 Words   |  9 PagesToday, the economic state of our world is highly connected and international. The global market influences food accessibility and hunger on an exceedingly large scale. The global food economy exists within a complex system that has widespread dire consequences if it finds itself in a crisis like we are currently seeing. Until the year 2000, the world witnessed a thirty year trend of decreasing food prices. While it is common perception that the global food crisis is occurring due to shortages inRead MoreThe Roots Of The Current Global Food Crisis2284 Words   |  10 PagesThe Roots of the Current Global Food Crisis Today, the economic state of our world is highly connected and international. Therefore, the global market influences food accessibility and hunger on an exceedingly large scale. The global food economy exists within a complex system that has widespread dire consequences if it finds itself in a crisis like we are currently seeing. While it is a common perception that the global food crisis is occurring due to shortages in supply and increasing demand,Read MoreGlobalization Sample Questions7882 Words   |  32 Pagesis not one of these four? a. Economic b. Cultural c. Educational d. Political 2. Which of the following is geographically part of the south, but in economic and globalization terms is usually considered to be part of the global ‘North’? a. Singapore b. South Africa c. Brazil d. The Philippines 3. In this class what is being referred to in the following a definition: â€Å"a relatively new term used to describe economic, social, political, cultural, and environmentalRead MoreComparative Government6816 Words   |  28 Pages(who is not with us is against us) to (who is not against us, is with us). Hungarians could already travel to Austria. Started with a very bloody regime and developed to a very soft communism. 21st century Hungary has some problems with debts and economic development. At the moment right-wing government enhances nationalism. There are actually more Hungarians outside the country than inside who start making problems, want back to their country. Government at the moment has constitutional power. TryingRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagessocioeconomic circumstances and dynamics rather th an standard but arbitrary chronological break points. In the decades that followed the Great War, the victorious European powers appeared to have restored, even expanded, their global political and economic preeminence only to see it eclipsed by the emergence of the Soviet and U.S. superpowers on their periphery and a second round of even more devastating global conflict. The bifurcated international system that resulted from the cold war standoffRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesilluminate practice and to provide ways of improving it. Although always appealing to his economic understandings, he has been open to a wide variety of other ideas, recognizing their intellectual strengths and capabilities rather than making artificial distinctions between what is acceptable and what is not. He also has contributed widely to the accounting literature, taking forward the British tradition of economic theorizing in financial accounting as well as being a constant source of creative thinking

Struggles within the Younger family in the play A Raisin...

Struggles within the Younger family in the play A Raisin in the Sun A Raisin In The Sun Rolling in the Dust â€Å"Oh- so now it’s life. Money is life. Once upon a time freedom used to be life- now it’s money. I guess the world really do change†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (74). This quote reveals the economic struggles within the Younger family in the play A Raisin in the Sun. Throughout the play, Mama’s views are at odds with Walter’s views. For Walter, who feels enslaved in his job and life, money is the truest freedom. To him, money seems to be the answer to everything. Money, he believes, allows people to live comfortable and carefree lives. It also seems to him that money defines a man by measuring his success and ability to provide for his family.†¦show more content†¦Walter’s ultimate dream was to invest money in the liquor store and become rich. Beneatha, on the other hand, had something different in mind. Her dream was to become a doctor. Everyone knew that becoming a doctor would require hard work and lots of money. Walter, who wanted to spend the money on the investment, was outraged at the fact that Beneatha wanted to become a doctor. â€Å"Have we figured out yet just exactly how much medical school is going to cost?† (36). â€Å"Who the hell told you that you had to be a doctor? If you so crazy ‘bout messing ‘round with sick people- then go be a nurse like other women- or just get married and be quiet† (38). Walter knew that to become a doctor, a lot of money would be needed. He informed Beneatha that not many women were successful in becoming doctors. It would just end up wasting money so the best thing to do would be marry a rich guy or become a nurse. After the insurance money from Beneatha’s father was gone, her dreams were really crushed. Her brother Walter had lost all the money in the initial investment of the liquor store. When Mama came to hear of the horrible news, she could not believe it. â€Å"You mean†¦your sister’s school money†¦you used that too†¦Walter?† (129). Both Walter and Beneatha were not successful in accomplishing their life’s dreams because they had no money. From a very young age, I have always been very close to myShow MoreRelated Racism and the American Dream in Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun1340 Words   |  6 PagesA Raisin in the Sun is written by a famous African- American play write, Lorraine Hansberry, in 1959. It was a first play written by a black woman and directed by a black man, Lloyd Richards, on Broadway in New York. The story of A Raisin in the Sun is based on Lorraine Hansberry’s own early life experiences, from which she and her whole family had to suffer, in Chicago. Hansberry’s father, Carol Hansberry, also fought a legal battle against a racial restrictive covenant that attempted to stop African-Read MoreThe American Nightmare: Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun1011 Words   |  5 PagesHansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun†, she uses the African American Younger family as a representation of the entire race’s struggle for the American Dream. America has alwa ys had slogans such as â€Å"the land of the free† and â€Å"liberty and justice for all†. The Younger family is finding out, like generations before them, the American Dream isn’t at all what it seems if you’re black. The family eagerly awaits the insurance check from the death of their father, while living a life of constant struggle and hardshipsRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun American Dream Essay1669 Words   |  7 Pagesi0 â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun.† Written by Lorraine Hansberry, â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† depicts the struggles of a family of African-Americans trying to achieve their American Dream: financial stability and equality and acceptance in society. In this play, different ideologies each family member has of achieving the American Dream, introduces a power struggle between the matriarch and her son and furthering conflicts, such as racial prejudice, within the family. Written in 1959, â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† remainsRe ad MoreA Raisin Of The Sun1319 Words   |  6 PagesTopics A Raisin in the Sun was a play written in the late 1950’s analyzing the cruel effects of racism amongst the Younger family. The younger family suffers from racial discrimination within their living space, place of employment, and the housing industry. Racism has been going on for a very long time in the United States and will always continue to exist. Racism has not only led to political but also social issues. A Raisin in the Sun confronted Whites for an acknowledgement that a black family couldRead MoreGreat American Play By Lorraine Hansberry Essay1476 Words   |  6 PagesIntro: Opportunity and inequality have been portrayed in America since It’s existence. In this great American play written by Lorraine Hansberry, A Raisin in the Sun, Opportunity for the Younger family is being told without the death of a relative or family member, money will always be a complication when reaching for higher possibilities. As, said in the second paragraph of the Declaration of Independence, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.† But if all menRead MoreLorraine Hansberry Is An African American Play Writer Who1583 Words   |  7 PagesHansberry is an African American play writer who wrote the play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun.† The Play highlights the lives of a lower-class Black American family in the 1950s living under racial segregation and oppression in Chicago. The title of the play was inspired from the poem â€Å"Harlem† by Langston Hughes. The poem questions â€Å"What happens to a dream deferred? Doe s it dry up like a raisin in the sun?† (Hansberry, 2013, p. 976). The protagonist, Walter Lee Younger, struggles internally with dissatisfactionRead MoreChasing the American Dream in A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry972 Words   |  4 Pagesin A Raisin in the Sun A Raisin in the Sun is a play about an African-American family living on the South Side of Chicago in the 1950s. This family is going through many struggles, both within the family and financially. The family is awaiting an insurance check. The story focuses on the individual dreams of each family member and what they want to do with the money. The family struggles to mend their family issues along with deciding what they will do with the money. This play shows a family tryingRead MoreRacial Disccrimination in a Raisin in the Sun Essay868 Words   |  4 Pagesand Whites were not for any change or at least not yet. A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Vivian Hansberry, tells a story of a black family that is struggling to gain a middle class acceptance in Chicago. The family of five, one child and four adults live in a tiny apartment that is located in a very poor area. Dreams of owning a business and having money to accomplish goals is two key parts played out throughout the whole play. Walter Younger is determined to have his own business and he will go toRead MoreThe Strength of Family in Death of a Salesman and A Raisin in the Sun1198 Words   |  5 PagesLorraine Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun†, perverted conceptions of the American Dream convince certain characters that they are entitled to the fruits of miracles. Despite their best intentions for supporting their families, Walter Younger and Willy Loman encounter unsurpassable obstacles and are unable to fulfill their dreams. When all hope has been lost, family is the only thing that these characters have left. â€Å"Death of a Salesman† and â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† portray family as asylums of safety amidstRead MoreEssay about A Raisin in the Sun1559 Words   |  7 Pagesfor everyone,† in New York, Lorraine Hansberry’s play, A Raisin in the Sun, offered a very different perspective (20). Set in post World War II Southside Chicago, Hansberry’s drama explores the conflict that arises within an African American family when Mama, the familys matriarch, receives a $10,000 life insurance settlement and spends a portion of it to buy a home in the restricted white neighborhood of Clybourne Park. However, Hansberry’s play not only highlighted the issue of housing segregation

Aids Essay In Hindi Example For Students

Aids Essay In Hindi Aids by sean rossHow is HIV Diagnosed?You can get tested for HIV in a number of locations including public clinics, AIDS organizations, physicians offices, and hospitals. Many locations give the test for free. You can choose between anonymous tests, in which you do not give your name to the HealthCare provider, or confidential tests, in which you do give your name. Test sites should provide trained counselors who can offer you support and guidance, no matter what the test result.(Balch-97)An HIV test looks for the antibodies your immune system creates in response to the virus. These antibodies may not appear in your blood until three to six months after HIV infection. Therefore, a negative test for HIV does not necessarily mean you arent infected. Thats why if you are at risk for HIV infection you should get tested periodically in addition to practicing safer sex at all times. T-cell countsIf you test HIV-positive, you should have frequent blood tests to determine the levels of healthy T cells. These cell counts help indicate how quickly the infection is progressing and which course of treatment is best. Normal T-cell count is 800 to 1,300 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. In the firstfew months after HIV infection, T-cells may decrease to 400 to 650. As infection progresses, T cells drop to a second level of 200 to 499. At this stage you can expect to have late symptoms, although this too is variable. The most life-threatening AIDS illnesses happen when T-cell levels fall below 200.(Berkow-97)Early SymptomsOnce HIV enters your body through semen, vaginal secretions, blood, or human breast milk it generally takes a month or two before creating symptoms, if any (not everyone has symptoms at this stage). These initial symptoms are similar to the flu and can last three to 14 days: -Fever-Chills-Night sweats -Skin rashes-Headache-Malaise-Swollen lymph nod es (immune system organseasily felt in the neck and groin)-General discomfort(Hurst-96)Within the several months following HIV infection, you may have repeated episodes of these flu-like symptoms. After that, an average period of five to seven years will pass without another sign of HIV infection though that delay can range from a few months to more than 10 years. However, even when you dont have symptoms, the virus is still multiplying in your body, and you can spread it to other people.(Tierny-98)Later symptoms (months to years before onset of AIDS)Symptoms may include: -Fatigue-Mild weight loss-Frequent fevers and sweats-Swollen lymph glands-Persistent yeast infections-Persistent skin rashes-Pelvic inflammatory disease that does not-respond to treatment-Short term memory loss-Frequent and severe herpes infectionscausing mouth, genital or anal sores-Painful nerve disease (shingles)At this stage, you may have other disorders resulting from HIV infection: severe dermatitis, persona lity changes, intellectual impairment, peripheral neuritis (inflammation of one or more peripheral nerves), pneumonia, myocarditis (inflammation of the middle muscular layer of the heart wall), nephritis (kidney inflammation), and arthritis. (Taylor-98)AIDSAs chronic HIV progresses, the immune system grows weaker and weaker until it can no longer prevent diseases and/or opportunistic infections those that would not usually happen in a person with a normal immune system). These include: Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii HIV infection of the brain (encephalitis with dementia) Toxoplasmosis of the brain (a protozoan infection) Cryptococcosis infection (a fungal infection) HIV wasting syndrome (chronically active HIV infection) Candida (yeast infections of the vagina, mouth, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, or lungs) Kaposis sarcoma (a form of skin cancer) Tuberculosis and related infections Cryptosporidiosis infection of the intestine (a protozoan infection) Herpes simplex v irus infections of mouth, esophagus, and lungs Lymphoma (a cancer of the immune system) Cytomegalovirus infections of the retina and other organs(HIV positive.com)Conditions That May Be Mistaken for HIV and AIDSHIV and AIDS may involve virtually every organ in the body. Therefore, many conditions can be mistaken for HIV/AIDS, including: Cancer, especially lymphoma (causing malnutrition or weight loss) Senile dementia Gastrointestinal infection (especially parasitic) Colitis Inflammatory bowel disease Depression. .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451 , .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451 .postImageUrl , .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451 , .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451:hover , .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451:visited , .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451:active { border:0!important; } .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451:active , .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451 .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua2469726c432b173bc8ba54eabf1d451:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Argumentative Essay On Abortion Pro ChoiceCauses The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS. HIV not only attacks and destroys the white blood cells that are key to fighting infection (T4 or helper T cells), it actually uses the T cells genetic material to multiply itself. Eventually, HIV cripples the immune system, making the infected person vulnerable to multiple infections, diseases, and nervous system problems. One of the reasons AIDS is such a fatal disease is that HIV is an extremely resistant virus, mutating constantly to survive the immune systems attacks.(San Fransisco Aids found.)Theoretical CausesThere are very rare cases of transmission among family mem bers living together with no identifiable source of transmission. No one knows the cause of transmission in these few rare cases.(Gay mens health crisis center)How is HIV Transmitted?Unprotected sex,Sharing of hypodermic needles for injection,drug useFrom an HIV-infected mother to her baby,especially as the baby passes through the birth canal (the baby has a 25-30% chance of being HIV positive if not treated duringpregnancy),Human breast milkAccidental needle sticks, which are a risk among HealthCare workers (about a one in 300 chance),Blood transfusion and coagulation products (although this is very rare, with the modern blood-screening systems in use since 1985)(Bennet-96)Treatment No one knows how to cure HIV or AIDS. However, there are many therapies, both conventional and alternative, that effectively prolong and enhance the quality of the lives of people with HIV and AIDS. The goals of treatment are to: Slow the replication rate of HIV Prevent and treat opportunistic infection s Relieve symptoms and generally improve quality of life.(Noble-96)Treatment overviewIf you have HIV/AIDS, the standard of care in the United States is to provide you conventional drug therapies, especially if your T-cell count has fallen below 500. You will take most HIV/AIDS drugs in combination, to most effectively reduce viral blood levels, increase helper T-cell counts, and decrease the AIDS death rate. Because combinations of HIV/AIDS drugs are as important as the individual drugs themselves, it is extremely important that you stick to your medication regimen: Take drugs at exactly the prescribed times of dayNever skip dosesNever skip drugsFor surveillance and routine management, you wont need to stay in the hospital. Some more severe complications will require a hospital stay. Drug TherapyAnti-HIV drug therapy attacks HIV at various stages of its life cycle. Although the drugs have improved the side effects, including nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea and abnormal body fat red istribution.(Hardman-96)BibliographyAmerican Foundation for AIDS Research120 Wall Street, Thirteenth FloorNew York, NY 10005Phone: 212-806-1600 Fax: 212-806-1601The Body An AIDS and HIV Information ResourceCenters for Disease ControlNational Prevention Information NetworkP.O. Box 6003Rockville, MD 20849Phone: 800-458-5231International: 301-562-1098TTY: 800-243-7012Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation2950 31st Street, Suite 125Santa Monica, CA 90405Phone: 310-314-1459 Fax: 31-314-1469Email: emailprotectedGay Mens Health Crisis119 West 24th Street, 6th Floor New York, NY 10011 Phone: 212-807-6655 TTY: 212-645-7470Fax: 212-337-3656HIV Anonymous Testing CounselingHoward Brown Health Center 4025 N. Sheridan Road Chicago, IL 60613Phone: 773-388-1600HIV Insite Gateway to AIDS KnowledgeUniversity of California, San FranciscoHIV Positive.comCenters for Disease Control National HIV/AIDSHotline800-342-AIDS (2437)San Francisco AIDS FoundationP.O. Box 426182 San Francisco, CA 94142-6182 AIDS Hotline: 800-367-AIDS (2437) (toll-free in Calif.)Phone: (415) 487-3000Email: emailprotectedBooksBalch, James F. and Balch, Phyllis A. Prescriptionfor Nutritional Healing Garden City Park, NY: AveryPublishing, 1997. Bennett, J. Claude and Plum, Fred. Cecil Textbookof Medicine, eds. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders,1996. Berkow, Robert. Merck Manual of MedicalInformation, Home Edition. New Jersey: MerckResearch Laboratories, 1997. .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e , .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e .postImageUrl , .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e , .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e:hover , .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e:visited , .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e:active { border:0!important; } .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e:active , .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc4abceedcf9d3f38af54916af841c29e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Life changing experience EssayFauci, Anthony J. et. al. Harrisons Principles ofInternal Medicine, eds. New York: McGraw-Hill,1998. Hardman, Joel G. and Limbird, Lee E. Goodman andGilmans The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeuticseds. New York: McGraw Hill, 1996. Hurst, J. Willis. Medicine for the Practicing PhysicianStamford, CT: Appleton Lange 1996. Murray, Michael T. Encyclopedia of NaturalMedicine. Prima, 1998. Noble, John. Primary Care Medicine ed. St. Louis:Mosby, 1996. Physicians Desk Reference. Montvale, NJ: MedicalEconomics Co., 1998. Rakel, Robert E. Conns Current Therapy eds. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1998. Taylor, Robert B. Family Medicine: Principles andPractice. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1998. Tierney, LM, McPhee, SJ, and Papadakis, MA. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment eds. Stamford, CT: Appleton Lange, 1998.